PMC

(A) Stacked column graph of percentage of amacrine and ganglion cells in the whole retina, except area temporalis. Each column represents 100% of cells in ganglion cell layer per retina, the percentage of amacrine cells is represented by the gray region and the percentage of ganglion cells is represented by white. It’s noticeable that amacrine cells are in higher percentage than ganglion cells, the percentage of amacrine cells is around 70% and 30% for ganglion cells. (B) When just the area temporalis is considered, there was an inversion in the proportion of amacrine and ganglion cells. Ganglion cells were in a higher percentage than amacrine cells.

(a) Transverse section of geniculate ganglion at stage 24 (E4), following Phox2b in situ hybridisation to label epibranchial neurons. (b) Same section immunostained for Brn3a (magenta) and Islet1 (green), showing a cluster of Brn3a-positive neurons towards the edge of the geniculate ganglion in a region that (by comparison with panel a) seems Phox2b-negative. (c) Pseudo-coloured overlay of panels a and b highlighting the apparent segregation of Brn3a-positive and Phox2b-positive neurons. (d) Transverse section of geniculate ganglion at stage 31 (E7) immunostained for Brn3a (magenta) and Islet1 (green). Brn3a-positive neurons are still present within the geniculate ganglion. (e) A different transverse section at stage 31 (E7), immunostained for Brn3a (magenta) and Islet1 (green), showing that Brn3a-positive neurons are also detected in a small cluster between the PTO and geniculate ganglion (arrow). This PTO ganglion was previously described as the “paratympanic extension of the geniculate ganglion”. (f) At stage 35 (E9), H&E staining shows the axonal tracts connecting the geniculate ganglion and PTO. (g) The PTO ganglion resides within this axonal tract. (h,i) Magnified views of neuronal cell bodies within the geniculate ganglion and PTO ganglion, respectively, highlighting the smaller diameter of the PTO neurons. Scale bars: 100 μm (a-g), 50 μm (h,i). gg, geniculate ganglion.

Acetylated tubulin (black, red)- and PH3 (yellow)-labeled VNCs with Hoechst (blue) counterstain (A–D) and histological sections (E–G). A–C: Ventral views of the posterior ganglion anlagen, Imaris volume (MIP). Clipping planes have been applied to remove non-target structures in more dorsal and ventral position, only acetylated tubulin labeling shown. Arrowheads mark commissures of posterior ganglion anlagen. Arrow marks postero-ventral commissure of walking leg ganglion 4. Note size decrease of the posterior ganglion anlagen during the fusion process. The paired connectives and proctodeal nerves approach their contra-lateral counterpart medially. D: Optical sagittal section through walking leg ganglion 4 and posterior ganglion anlagen in PS 3. Dashed outlines highlight (nascent) apical clusters of walking leg ganglion 4 and posterior ganglion anlage 1, the latter being already detached from the apical ectoderm. Note spindle-shaped cells at the apical side of posterior ganglion anlage 2. Asterisks mark large NSCs that are not in division. E: Sagittal section through walking leg ganglion 4 and posterior ganglion anlagen in PS 6. All ganglion anlagen are completely detached from the apical ectoderm. The posterior ganglion anlage 1 has started to fuse with walking leg ganglion 4. F&G: Sagittal sections through walking leg ganglion 4 in a sub-adult. The posterior ganglion anlagen and walking leg ganglion 4 are completely fused. A dorsal neural sheath (arrowhead in F) indicates the fusion line between them. The two commissural tracts (arrowheads in G) of the posterior ganglion anlagen lie closely spaced posterior to the dorsal sheath. White arrow (F) points at the posteriorly extending proctodeal nerve. Abbreviations: ad  =  adult, apc  =  apical cell cluster, con  =  connective, mg  =  midgut, pg  =  posterior ganglion anlage, pn  =  proctodeal nerve, PS  =  post-embryonic stage, sub-ad  =  sub-adult, wlg  =  walking leg ganglion.

(A and B) Temporal receptive fields of individual ON (A₁) and OFF (B₁) midget ganglion cells, all ON (A₂) and OFF (B₂) midget ganglion cells grouped by patients and sorted by their time to peak, and the average (± SEM) of all ON (A₃) and OFF (B₃) midget ganglion cells.
(C and D) Spatial receptive fields of individual ON (C₁) and OFF (D₁) midget ganglion cells, all ON (C₂) and OFF (D₂) midget ganglion cells grouped by patients and sorted by their size, and the average (± SEM) of all ON (C₃) and OFF (D₃) midget ganglion cells.
(E and F) Static nonlinearities (or effective-contrast-response functions) of individual ON (E₁) and OFF (F₁) midget ganglion cells, all ON (E₂) and OFF (F₂) midget ganglion cells grouped by patients and sorted by their threshold, and the average (± SEM) of all ON (E₃) and OFF (F₃) midget ganglion cells.
(G to L) Summary data (mean ± SEM) comparing time to peak (G, TTP all p > 0.1, η² = 0.08 ± 0.03, empty circles), time to zero-crossing (G, TTZ p < 0.05 except for Patient #4, η² = 0.47 ± 0.14, filled circles), biphasic index (H, all p < 0.01, η² = 0.60 ± 0.06), receptive field size (I, p < 0.001 except for Patients #1 and #4, η² = 0.28 ± 0.14), nonlinearity (J, all p < 0.01, η² = 0.52 ± 0.05), gain (K, all p < 0.01, η² = 0.40 ± 0.11), and threshold (L, all p < 0.01, η² = 0.49 ± 0.05) of ON vs. OFF midget ganglion cells.
See also .